OV - attention-gcc-znver5-256 - Loop 22 - attention-gcc-znver5-256

	Loop Id: 22	Module: attention-gcc-znver5-256	Source: random.tcc:458-3374 [...]	Coverage: 0.45%

0x401940 MOV	-0x13c0(%RBP,%RAX,8),%RDI    [2]

0x401948 LEA	0x1(%RAX),%RCX

0x40194c ADD	$0x4,%RBX

0x401950 MOV	%RCX,-0x40(%RBP)    [2]

0x401954 MOV	%RDI,%RAX

0x401957 SHR	$0xb,%RAX

0x40195b MOV	%EAX,%EAX

0x40195d XOR	%RDI,%RAX

0x401960 MOV	%RAX,%RDI

0x401963 SAL	$0x7,%RDI

0x401967 AND	$-0x62d3a980,%EDI

0x40196d XOR	%RAX,%RDI

0x401970 MOV	%RDI,%RAX

0x401973 SAL	$0xf,%RAX

0x401977 AND	$-0x103a0000,%EAX

0x40197c XOR	%RDI,%RAX

0x40197f MOV	%RAX,%RDI

0x401982 SHR	$0x12,%RDI

0x401986 XOR	%RDI,%RAX

0x401989 VCVTUSI2SS	%RAX,%XMM1,%XMM0

0x40198f VMULSS	%XMM2,%XMM0,%XMM0

0x401993 VCMPSS	$0x2,%XMM0,%XMM3,%XMM4

0x401998 VBLENDVPS	%XMM4,%XMM5,%XMM0,%XMM0

0x40199e VMOVSS	%XMM0,-0x4(%RBX)    [1]

0x4019a3 CMP	%R12,%RBX

0x4019a6 JE	4019e5

0x4019a8 MOV	%RCX,%RAX

0x4019ab CMP	$0x26f,%RCX

0x4019b2 JBE	401940

0x4019b4 LEA	-0x13c0(%RBP),%RDI

0x4019bb CALL	403200 <_ZNSt23mersenne_twister_engineImLm32ELm624ELm397ELm31ELm2567483615ELm11ELm4294967295ELm7ELm2636928640ELm15ELm4022730752ELm18ELm1812433253EE11_M_gen_randEv>

0x4019c0 VMOVSS	0x2840(%RIP),%XMM5    [3]

0x4019c8 VMOVSS	0x2840(%RIP),%XMM3    [3]

0x4019d0 VMOVSS	0x2834(%RIP),%XMM2    [3]

0x4019d8 MOV	-0x40(%RBP),%RAX    [2]

0x4019dc VXORPS	%XMM1,%XMM1,%XMM1

0x4019e0 JMP	401940

/cluster/comp/gcc/15.1.0/include/c++/15.1.0/bits/random.tcc: 458 - 3374

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

458:       if (_M_p >= state_size)

459: 	_M_gen_rand();

460:

461:       // Calculate o(x(i)).

462:       result_type __z = _M_x[_M_p++];

463:       __z ^= (__z >> __u) & __d;

464:       __z ^= (__z << __s) & __b;

465:       __z ^= (__z << __t) & __c;

466:       __z ^= (__z >> __l);

[...]

3367: 	  __sum += _RealType(__urng() - __urng.min()) * __tmp;

3368: 	  __tmp *= __r;

3369: 	}

3370:       __ret = __sum / __tmp;

3371:       if (__builtin_expect(__ret >= _RealType(1), 0))

3372: 	{

3373: #if _GLIBCXX_USE_C99_MATH_FUNCS

3374: 	  __ret = std::nextafter(_RealType(1), _RealType(0));

/home/eoseret/llm-attention/attention_v2.cpp: 163 - 163

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

163:       for (size_t i = 0; i < elemsX; ++i) h_X[i] = dist(rng);

Coverage (%)	Name	Source Location	Module

min	med	avg	max

Percentile Index	10	20	30	40	50	60	70	80	90	100
Value

min	med	avg	max

Percentile Index	10	20	30	40	50	60	70	80	90	100
Value

Path /

Metric	Value
CQA speedup if no scalar integer	2.96
CQA speedup if FP arith vectorized	2.57
CQA speedup if fully vectorized	12.58
CQA speedup if no inter-iteration dependency	NA
CQA speedup if next bottleneck killed	1.55
Bottlenecks
Function	main
Source	random.tcc:458-466,random.tcc:3367-3374,attention_v2.cpp:163-163
Source loop unroll info	unrolled by 3
Source loop unroll confidence level	max
Unroll/vectorization loop type	peel/tail
Unroll factor	1
CQA cycles	4.25
CQA cycles if no scalar integer	1.44
CQA cycles if FP arith vectorized	1.65
CQA cycles if fully vectorized	0.34
Front-end cycles	4.25
P0 cycles	2.75
P1 cycles	2.75
P2 cycles	2.75
P3 cycles	2.75
P4 cycles	2.75
P5 cycles	2.75
P6 cycles	1.25
P7 cycles	1.25
P8 cycles	1.25
P9 cycles	1.25
P10 cycles	1.00
P11 cycles	1.00
P12 cycles	1.00
P13 cycles	1.00
P14 cycles	0.50
P15 cycles	0.50
DIV/SQRT cycles	0.00
Inter-iter dependencies cycles	1
FE+BE cycles (UFS)	NA
Stall cycles (UFS)	NA
Nb insns	33.00
Nb uops	34.00
Nb loads	3.00
Nb stores	2.00
Nb stack references	1.50
FLOP/cycle	0.24
Nb FLOP add-sub	0.00
Nb FLOP mul	1.00
Nb FLOP fma	0.00
Nb FLOP div	0.00
Nb FLOP rcp	0.00
Nb FLOP sqrt	0.00
Nb FLOP rsqrt	0.00
Bytes/cycle	6.86
Bytes prefetched	0.00
Bytes loaded	18.00
Bytes stored	12.00
Stride 0	1.00
Stride 1	1.00
Stride n	0.00
Stride unknown	0.50
Stride indirect	0.00
Vectorization ratio all	9.13
Vectorization ratio load	0.00
Vectorization ratio store	0.00
Vectorization ratio mul	0.00
Vectorization ratio add_sub	NA
Vectorization ratio fma	NA
Vectorization ratio div_sqrt	NA
Vectorization ratio other	14.09
Vector-efficiency ratio all	11.53
Vector-efficiency ratio load	10.16
Vector-efficiency ratio store	9.38
Vector-efficiency ratio mul	6.25
Vector-efficiency ratio add_sub	NA
Vector-efficiency ratio fma	NA
Vector-efficiency ratio div_sqrt	NA
Vector-efficiency ratio other	13.07

Metric	Value
CQA speedup if no scalar integer	2.79
CQA speedup if FP arith vectorized	2.55
CQA speedup if fully vectorized	12.87
CQA speedup if no inter-iteration dependency	NA
CQA speedup if next bottleneck killed	1.63
Bottlenecks	micro-operation queue,
Function	main
Source	random.tcc:458-466,random.tcc:3367-3374,attention_v2.cpp:163-163
Source loop unroll info	unrolled by 3
Source loop unroll confidence level	max
Unroll/vectorization loop type	peel/tail
Unroll factor	1
CQA cycles	4.88
CQA cycles if no scalar integer	1.75
CQA cycles if FP arith vectorized	1.91
CQA cycles if fully vectorized	0.38
Front-end cycles	4.88
P0 cycles	3.00
P1 cycles	3.00
P2 cycles	3.00
P3 cycles	3.00
P4 cycles	3.00
P5 cycles	3.00
P6 cycles	1.75
P7 cycles	1.75
P8 cycles	1.75
P9 cycles	1.75
P10 cycles	1.00
P11 cycles	1.00
P12 cycles	1.00
P13 cycles	1.00
P14 cycles	0.50
P15 cycles	0.50
DIV/SQRT cycles	0.00
Inter-iter dependencies cycles	1
FE+BE cycles (UFS)	NA
Stall cycles (UFS)	NA
Nb insns	37.00
Nb uops	39.00
Nb loads	5.00
Nb stores	2.00
Nb stack references	2.00
FLOP/cycle	0.21
Nb FLOP add-sub	0.00
Nb FLOP mul	1.00
Nb FLOP fma	0.00
Nb FLOP div	0.00
Nb FLOP rcp	0.00
Nb FLOP sqrt	0.00
Nb FLOP rsqrt	0.00
Bytes/cycle	8.21
Bytes prefetched	0.00
Bytes loaded	28.00
Bytes stored	12.00
Stride 0	2.00
Stride 1	1.00
Stride n	0.00
Stride unknown	0.00
Stride indirect	0.00
Vectorization ratio all	11.11
Vectorization ratio load	0.00
Vectorization ratio store	0.00
Vectorization ratio mul	0.00
Vectorization ratio add_sub	NA
Vectorization ratio fma	NA
Vectorization ratio div_sqrt	NA
Vectorization ratio other	18.18
Vector-efficiency ratio all	11.46
Vector-efficiency ratio load	7.81
Vector-efficiency ratio store	9.38
Vector-efficiency ratio mul	6.25
Vector-efficiency ratio add_sub	NA
Vector-efficiency ratio fma	NA
Vector-efficiency ratio div_sqrt	NA
Vector-efficiency ratio other	13.64

Metric	Value
CQA speedup if no scalar integer	3.22
CQA speedup if FP arith vectorized	2.59
CQA speedup if fully vectorized	12.21
CQA speedup if no inter-iteration dependency	NA
CQA speedup if next bottleneck killed	1.45
Bottlenecks	micro-operation queue,
Function	main
Source	random.tcc:458-466,random.tcc:3367-3374,attention_v2.cpp:163-163
Source loop unroll info	unrolled by 3
Source loop unroll confidence level	max
Unroll/vectorization loop type	peel/tail
Unroll factor	1
CQA cycles	3.63
CQA cycles if no scalar integer	1.13
CQA cycles if FP arith vectorized	1.40
CQA cycles if fully vectorized	0.30
Front-end cycles	3.63
P0 cycles	2.50
P1 cycles	2.50
P2 cycles	2.50
P3 cycles	2.50
P4 cycles	2.50
P5 cycles	2.50
P6 cycles	0.75
P7 cycles	0.75
P8 cycles	0.75
P9 cycles	0.75
P10 cycles	1.00
P11 cycles	1.00
P12 cycles	1.00
P13 cycles	1.00
P14 cycles	0.50
P15 cycles	0.50
DIV/SQRT cycles	0.00
Inter-iter dependencies cycles	1
FE+BE cycles (UFS)	NA
Stall cycles (UFS)	NA
Nb insns	29.00
Nb uops	29.00
Nb loads	1.00
Nb stores	2.00
Nb stack references	1.00
FLOP/cycle	0.28
Nb FLOP add-sub	0.00
Nb FLOP mul	1.00
Nb FLOP fma	0.00
Nb FLOP div	0.00
Nb FLOP rcp	0.00
Nb FLOP sqrt	0.00
Nb FLOP rsqrt	0.00
Bytes/cycle	5.52
Bytes prefetched	0.00
Bytes loaded	8.00
Bytes stored	12.00
Stride 0	0.00
Stride 1	1.00
Stride n	0.00
Stride unknown	1.00
Stride indirect	0.00
Vectorization ratio all	7.14
Vectorization ratio load	0.00
Vectorization ratio store	0.00
Vectorization ratio mul	0.00
Vectorization ratio add_sub	NA
Vectorization ratio fma	NA
Vectorization ratio div_sqrt	NA
Vectorization ratio other	10.00
Vector-efficiency ratio all	11.61
Vector-efficiency ratio load	12.50
Vector-efficiency ratio store	9.38
Vector-efficiency ratio mul	6.25
Vector-efficiency ratio add_sub	NA
Vector-efficiency ratio fma	NA
Vector-efficiency ratio div_sqrt	NA
Vector-efficiency ratio other	12.50

Path /

Average path: Display a virtual path defined by average values of all real paths

Function	main
Source file and lines	random.tcc:458-3374
Module	attention-gcc-znver5-256

The loop is defined in:

/cluster/comp/gcc/15.1.0/include/c++/15.1.0/bits/random.tcc:458-466,3367-3374
/home/eoseret/llm-attention/attention_v2.cpp:163

It is peel/tail loop of related source loop which is unrolled by 3 (including vectorization).
The structure of this loop is probably <if then [else] end>.

The presence of multiple execution paths is typically the main/first bottleneck.
Try to simplify control inside loop: ideally, try to remove all conditional expressions, for example by (if applicable):

hoisting them (moving them outside the loop)
turning them into conditional moves, MIN or MAX

Ex: if (x<0) x=0 => x = (x<0 ? 0 : x) (or MAX(0,x) after defining the corresponding macro)

gain
potential
hint
expert

Unrolling/vectorization cost

This loop is peel/tail of a unrolled/vectorized loop. If its cost is not negligible compared to the main (unrolled/vectorized) loop, unrolling/vectorization is counterproductive due to low trip count.

Details

The more iterations the main loop is processing, the higher the trip count must be to amortize peel/tail overhead.

Workaround

recompile with -fprofile-generate, execute and recompile with -fprofile-use (profile-guided optimization)
hardcode most frequent values of loop bounds by adding specialized paths.:
- For instance, replace for (i=0; i<n; i++) foo(i) with: switch (n) { case (4): for (i=0; i<4; i++) foo(i); break; case (6): for (i=0; i<6; i++) foo(i); break; default : for (i=0; i<n; i++) foo(i); break; }

Vectorization

Your loop is probably not vectorized. Only 11% of vector register length is used (average across all SSE/AVX instructions).

Details

Store and arithmetical SSE/AVX instructions are used in scalar version (process only one data element in vector registers).

No data for this section

CALL instructions

Detected function call instructions.

Details

Calling (and then returning from) a function prevents many compiler optimizations (like vectorization), breaks control flow (which reduces pipeline performance) and executes extra instructions to save/restore the registers used inside it, which is very expensive (dozens of cycles). Consider to inline small functions.

std::mersenne_twister_engine::_M_gen_rand(): 0 occurrences

Complex instructions

Detected COMPLEX INSTRUCTIONS.

Details

These instructions generate more than one micro-operation and only one of them can be decoded during a cycle and the extra micro-operations increase pressure on execution units.

VCVTUSI2SS: 0 occurrences

Slow data structures access

Detected data structures (typically arrays) that cannot be efficiently read/written

Details

Constant unknown stride: 0 occurrence(s)

Non-unit stride (uncontiguous) accesses are not efficiently using data caches

Workaround

Try to reorganize arrays of structures to structures of arrays
Consider to permute loops (see vectorization gain report)

Conversion instructions

Detected expensive conversion instructions.

Details

VCVTUSI2SS (INT32/64 to FP32, scalar): 0 occurrences

Workaround

Avoid mixing data with different types. In particular, check if the type of constants is the same as array elements.

Type of elements and instruction set

2 SSE or AVX instructions are processing arithmetic or math operations on single precision FP elements in scalar mode (one at a time).

Matching between your loop (in the source code) and the binary loop

The binary loop is composed of 1 FP arithmetical operations:

1: multiply

The binary loop is loading 18 bytes (4 single precision FP elements). The binary loop is storing 12 bytes (3 single precision FP elements).

Arithmetic intensity

Arithmetic intensity is 0.03 FP operations per loaded or stored byte.

General properties

nb instructions	33
nb uops	34
loop length	140.50
used x86 registers	6
used mmx registers	0
used xmm registers	6
used ymm registers	0
used zmm registers	0
nb stack references	1.50

Front-end

MACRO FUSION NOT POSSIBLE

micro-operation queue	4.25 cycles
front end	4.25 cycles

Back-end

	P0	P1	P2	P3	P4	P5	P6	P7	P8	P9	P10	P11	P12	P13	P14	P15
uops	2.75	2.75	2.75	2.75	2.75	2.75	1.25	1.25	1.25	1.25	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	0.50	0.50
cycles	2.75	2.75	2.75	2.75	2.75	2.75	1.25	1.25	1.25	1.25	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	0.50	0.50

Execution ports to units layout:

P0: ALU
P1: ALU
P2: ALU
P3: ALU, BRU
P4: ALU, BRU
P5: ALU, BRU
P6 (512 bits): store address, load
P7 (512 bits): store address, load
P8 (512 bits): store address, load
P9 (512 bits): store address, load
P10 (512 bits): VPU, DIV/SQRT
P11 (512 bits): VPU, DIV/SQRT
P12 (512 bits): VPU
P13 (512 bits): VPU
P14 (512 bits): FP store data
P15 (512 bits): FP store data

Cycles executing div or sqrt instructions	NA
Longest recurrence chain latency (RecMII)	1.00

Cycles summary

Front-end	4.25
Dispatch	2.75
Data deps.	1.00
Overall L1	4.25

Vectorization ratios

INT

all	0%
load	0%
store	0%
mul	NA (no mul vectorizable/vectorized instructions)
add-sub	NA (no add-sub vectorizable/vectorized instructions)
fma	NA (no fma vectorizable/vectorized instructions)
other	0%

all	25%
load	0%
store	0%
mul	0%
add-sub	NA (no add-sub vectorizable/vectorized instructions)
fma	NA (no fma vectorizable/vectorized instructions)
div/sqrt	NA (no div/sqrt vectorizable/vectorized instructions)
other	58%

INT+FP

all	9%
load	0%
store	0%
mul	0%
add-sub	NA (no add-sub vectorizable/vectorized instructions)
fma	NA (no fma vectorizable/vectorized instructions)
div/sqrt	NA (no div/sqrt vectorizable/vectorized instructions)
other	14%

Vector efficiency ratios

INT

all	11%
load	12%
store	12%
mul	NA (no mul vectorizable/vectorized instructions)
add-sub	NA (no add-sub vectorizable/vectorized instructions)
fma	NA (no fma vectorizable/vectorized instructions)
other	11%

all	10%
load	6%
store	6%
mul	6%
add-sub	NA (no add-sub vectorizable/vectorized instructions)
fma	NA (no fma vectorizable/vectorized instructions)
div/sqrt	NA (no div/sqrt vectorizable/vectorized instructions)
other	17%

INT+FP

all	11%
load	10%
store	9%
mul	6%
add-sub	NA (no add-sub vectorizable/vectorized instructions)
fma	NA (no fma vectorizable/vectorized instructions)
div/sqrt	NA (no div/sqrt vectorizable/vectorized instructions)
other	13%

Cycles and memory resources usage

Assuming all data fit into the L1 cache, each iteration of the binary loop takes 4.25 cycles. At this rate:

1% of peak load performance is reached (3.98 out of 256.00 bytes loaded per cycle (GB/s @ 1GHz))
2% of peak store performance is reached (2.89 out of 128.00 bytes stored per cycle (GB/s @ 1GHz))

Function	main
Source file and lines	random.tcc:458-3374
Module	attention-gcc-znver5-256

The loop is defined in:

/cluster/comp/gcc/15.1.0/include/c++/15.1.0/bits/random.tcc:458-466,3367-3374
/home/eoseret/llm-attention/attention_v2.cpp:163

hoisting them (moving them outside the loop)
turning them into conditional moves, MIN or MAX

Ex: if (x<0) x=0 => x = (x<0 ? 0 : x) (or MAX(0,x) after defining the corresponding macro)

gain
potential
hint
expert

Code clean check

Detected a slowdown caused by scalar integer instructions (typically used for address computation). By removing them, you can lower the cost of an iteration from 4.88 to 1.75 cycles (2.79x speedup).

Workaround

Try to reorganize arrays of structures to structures of arrays
Consider to permute loops (see vectorization gain report)

Unrolling/vectorization cost

Details

The more iterations the main loop is processing, the higher the trip count must be to amortize peel/tail overhead.

Workaround

recompile with -fprofile-generate, execute and recompile with -fprofile-use (profile-guided optimization)
hardcode most frequent values of loop bounds by adding specialized paths.:
- For instance, replace for (i=0; i<n; i++) foo(i) with: switch (n) { case (4): for (i=0; i<4; i++) foo(i); break; case (6): for (i=0; i<6; i++) foo(i); break; default : for (i=0; i<n; i++) foo(i); break; }

Vectorization

Your loop is probably not vectorized. Only 11% of vector register length is used (average across all SSE/AVX instructions).

Details

Store and arithmetical SSE/AVX instructions are used in scalar version (process only one data element in vector registers).

Execution units bottlenecks

Found no such bottlenecks but see expert reports for more complex bottlenecks.

No data for this section

CALL instructions

Detected function call instructions.

Details

std::mersenne_twister_engine
::_M_gen_rand(): 1 occurrences►
- /cluster/comp/gcc/15.1.0/include/c++/15.1.0/bits/random.tcc:459

Complex instructions

Detected COMPLEX INSTRUCTIONS.

Details

These instructions generate more than one micro-operation and only one of them can be decoded during a cycle and the extra micro-operations increase pressure on execution units.

VCVTUSI2SS: 1 occurrences►
- /cluster/comp/gcc/15.1.0/include/c++/15.1.0/bits/random.tcc:3367

Conversion instructions

Detected expensive conversion instructions.

Details

VCVTUSI2SS (INT32/64 to FP32, scalar): 1 occurrences►
- /cluster/comp/gcc/15.1.0/include/c++/15.1.0/bits/random.tcc:3367

Workaround

Avoid mixing data with different types. In particular, check if the type of constants is the same as array elements.

Type of elements and instruction set

2 SSE or AVX instructions are processing arithmetic or math operations on single precision FP elements in scalar mode (one at a time).

Matching between your loop (in the source code) and the binary loop

The binary loop is composed of 1 FP arithmetical operations:

1: multiply

The binary loop is loading 28 bytes (7 single precision FP elements). The binary loop is storing 12 bytes (3 single precision FP elements).

Arithmetic intensity

Arithmetic intensity is 0.02 FP operations per loaded or stored byte.

General properties

nb instructions	37
nb uops	39
loop length	165
used x86 registers	6
used mmx registers	0
used xmm registers	6
used ymm registers	0
used zmm registers	0
nb stack references	2

Front-end

MACRO FUSION NOT POSSIBLE FIT IN UOP CACHE

micro-operation queue	4.88 cycles
front end	4.88 cycles

Back-end

	P0	P1	P2	P3	P4	P5	P6	P7	P8	P9	P10	P11	P12	P13	P14	P15
uops	3.00	3.00	3.00	3.00	3.00	3.00	1.75	1.75	1.75	1.75	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	0.50	0.50
cycles	3.00	3.00	3.00	3.00	3.00	3.00	1.75	1.75	1.75	1.75	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	0.50	0.50

Execution ports to units layout:

P0: ALU
P1: ALU
P2: ALU
P3: ALU, BRU
P4: ALU, BRU
P5: ALU, BRU
P6 (512 bits): store address, load
P7 (512 bits): store address, load
P8 (512 bits): store address, load
P9 (512 bits): store address, load
P10 (512 bits): VPU, DIV/SQRT
P11 (512 bits): VPU, DIV/SQRT
P12 (512 bits): VPU
P13 (512 bits): VPU
P14 (512 bits): FP store data
P15 (512 bits): FP store data

Cycles executing div or sqrt instructions	NA
Longest recurrence chain latency (RecMII)	1.00

Cycles summary

Front-end	4.88
Dispatch	3.00
Data deps.	1.00
Overall L1	4.88

Vectorization ratios

INT

all	0%
load	0%
store	0%
mul	NA (no mul vectorizable/vectorized instructions)
add-sub	NA (no add-sub vectorizable/vectorized instructions)
fma	NA (no fma vectorizable/vectorized instructions)
other	0%

all	25%
load	0%
store	0%
mul	0%
add-sub	NA (no add-sub vectorizable/vectorized instructions)
fma	NA (no fma vectorizable/vectorized instructions)
div/sqrt	NA (no div/sqrt vectorizable/vectorized instructions)
other	66%

INT+FP

all	11%
load	0%
store	0%
mul	0%
add-sub	NA (no add-sub vectorizable/vectorized instructions)
fma	NA (no fma vectorizable/vectorized instructions)
div/sqrt	NA (no div/sqrt vectorizable/vectorized instructions)
other	18%

Vector efficiency ratios

INT

all	11%
load	12%
store	12%
mul	NA (no mul vectorizable/vectorized instructions)
add-sub	NA (no add-sub vectorizable/vectorized instructions)
fma	NA (no fma vectorizable/vectorized instructions)
other	11%

all	10%
load	6%
store	6%
mul	6%
add-sub	NA (no add-sub vectorizable/vectorized instructions)
fma	NA (no fma vectorizable/vectorized instructions)
div/sqrt	NA (no div/sqrt vectorizable/vectorized instructions)
other	18%

INT+FP

all	11%
load	7%
store	9%
mul	6%
add-sub	NA (no add-sub vectorizable/vectorized instructions)
fma	NA (no fma vectorizable/vectorized instructions)
div/sqrt	NA (no div/sqrt vectorizable/vectorized instructions)
other	13%

Cycles and memory resources usage

Assuming all data fit into the L1 cache, each iteration of the binary loop takes 4.88 cycles. At this rate:

2% of peak load performance is reached (5.74 out of 256.00 bytes loaded per cycle (GB/s @ 1GHz))
1% of peak store performance is reached (2.46 out of 128.00 bytes stored per cycle (GB/s @ 1GHz))

Front-end bottlenecks

Performance is limited by instruction throughput (loading/decoding program instructions to execution core) (front-end is a bottleneck). By removing all these bottlenecks, you can lower the cost of an iteration from 4.88 to 3.00 cycles (1.63x speedup).

ASM code

In the binary file, the address of the loop is: 4019a8

Instruction	Nb FU	P0	P1	P2	P3	P4	P5	P6	P7	P8	P9	P10	P11	P12	P13	P14	P15	Latency	Recip. throughput	Vectorization
MOV -0x13c0(%RBP,%RAX,8),%RDI	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0	0	0	0	0	0	3	0.25	scal (12.5%)
LEA 0x1(%RAX),%RCX	1	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.17	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0.17	N/A
ADD $0x4,%RBX	1	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.17	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0.17	N/A
MOV %RCX,-0x40(%RBP)	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0	0	0	0	0	0	4	0.50	scal (12.5%)
MOV %RDI,%RAX	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.13	N/A
SHR $0xb,%RAX	1	0	0	0	0.33	0.33	0.33	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0.33	N/A
MOV %EAX,%EAX	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.13	N/A
XOR %RDI,%RAX	1	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.17	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0.17	N/A
MOV %RAX,%RDI	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.13	scal (12.5%)
SAL $0x7,%RDI	1	0	0	0	0.33	0.33	0.33	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0.33	scal (12.5%)
AND $-0x62d3a980,%EDI	1	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.17	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0.17	scal (6.3%)
XOR %RAX,%RDI	1	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.17	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0.17	scal (12.5%)
MOV %RDI,%RAX	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.13	N/A
SAL $0xf,%RAX	1	0	0	0	0.33	0.33	0.33	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0.33	N/A
AND $-0x103a0000,%EAX	1	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.17	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0.17	N/A
XOR %RDI,%RAX	1	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.17	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0.17	N/A
MOV %RAX,%RDI	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.13	scal (12.5%)
SHR $0x12,%RDI	1	0	0	0	0.33	0.33	0.33	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0.33	scal (12.5%)
XOR %RDI,%RAX	1	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.17	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0.17	N/A
VCVTUSI2SS %RAX,%XMM1,%XMM0	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.50	0.50	0	0	3-9	1	scal (12.5%)
VMULSS %XMM2,%XMM0,%XMM0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.50	0.50	0	0	0	0	3	0.50	scal (6.3%)
VCMPSS $0x2,%XMM0,%XMM3,%XMM4	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.50	0.50	0	0	2	0.50	scal (6.3%)
VBLENDVPS %XMM4,%XMM5,%XMM0,%XMM0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.50	0.50	0	0	0	0	2	0.50	vect (25.0%)
VMOVSS %XMM0,-0x4(%RBX)	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0	0	0	0	0.50	0.50	1	0.50	scal (6.3%)
CMP %R12,%RBX	1	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.17	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0.17	scal (12.5%)
JE 4019e5 <main+0x6e5>	1	0	0	0	0.33	0.33	0.33	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.33-0.50	N/A
MOV %RCX,%RAX	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.13	N/A
CMP $0x26f,%RCX	1	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.17	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0.17	N/A
JBE 401940 <main+0x640>	1	0	0	0	0.33	0.33	0.33	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.33-0.50	N/A
LEA -0x13c0(%RBP),%RDI	1	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.17	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0.17	N/A
CALL 403200 <_ZNSt23mersenne_twister_engineImLm32ELm624ELm397ELm31ELm2567483615ELm11ELm4294967295ELm7ELm2636928640ELm15ELm4022730752ELm18ELm1812433253EE11_M_gen_randEv>	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	N/A
VMOVSS 0x2840(%RIP),%XMM5	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0.50	scal (6.3%)
VMOVSS 0x2840(%RIP),%XMM3	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0.50	scal (6.3%)
VMOVSS 0x2834(%RIP),%XMM2	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0.50	scal (6.3%)
MOV -0x40(%RBP),%RAX	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0	0	0	0	0	0	3	0.25	N/A
VXORPS %XMM1,%XMM1,%XMM1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.17	vect (25.0%)
JMP 401940 <main+0x640>	1	0	0	0	0.33	0.33	0.33	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.50	N/A

Function	main
Source file and lines	random.tcc:458-3374
Module	attention-gcc-znver5-256

The loop is defined in:

/cluster/comp/gcc/15.1.0/include/c++/15.1.0/bits/random.tcc:458-466,3367-3374
/home/eoseret/llm-attention/attention_v2.cpp:163

hoisting them (moving them outside the loop)
turning them into conditional moves, MIN or MAX

Ex: if (x<0) x=0 => x = (x<0 ? 0 : x) (or MAX(0,x) after defining the corresponding macro)

gain
potential
hint
expert

Code clean check

Detected a slowdown caused by scalar integer instructions (typically used for address computation). By removing them, you can lower the cost of an iteration from 3.63 to 1.13 cycles (3.22x speedup).

Workaround

Try to reorganize arrays of structures to structures of arrays
Consider to permute loops (see vectorization gain report)

Unrolling/vectorization cost

Details

The more iterations the main loop is processing, the higher the trip count must be to amortize peel/tail overhead.

Workaround

recompile with -fprofile-generate, execute and recompile with -fprofile-use (profile-guided optimization)
hardcode most frequent values of loop bounds by adding specialized paths.:
- For instance, replace for (i=0; i<n; i++) foo(i) with: switch (n) { case (4): for (i=0; i<4; i++) foo(i); break; case (6): for (i=0; i<6; i++) foo(i); break; default : for (i=0; i<n; i++) foo(i); break; }

Vectorization

Your loop is probably not vectorized. Only 11% of vector register length is used (average across all SSE/AVX instructions).

Details

Store and arithmetical SSE/AVX instructions are used in scalar version (process only one data element in vector registers).

Execution units bottlenecks

Found no such bottlenecks but see expert reports for more complex bottlenecks.

No data for this section

Complex instructions

Detected COMPLEX INSTRUCTIONS.

Details

These instructions generate more than one micro-operation and only one of them can be decoded during a cycle and the extra micro-operations increase pressure on execution units.

VCVTUSI2SS: 1 occurrences►
- /cluster/comp/gcc/15.1.0/include/c++/15.1.0/bits/random.tcc:3367

Slow data structures access

Detected data structures (typically arrays) that cannot be efficiently read/written

Details

Constant unknown stride: 1 occurrence(s)

Non-unit stride (uncontiguous) accesses are not efficiently using data caches

Workaround

Try to reorganize arrays of structures to structures of arrays
Consider to permute loops (see vectorization gain report)

Conversion instructions

Detected expensive conversion instructions.

Details

VCVTUSI2SS (INT32/64 to FP32, scalar): 1 occurrences►
- /cluster/comp/gcc/15.1.0/include/c++/15.1.0/bits/random.tcc:3367

Workaround

Avoid mixing data with different types. In particular, check if the type of constants is the same as array elements.

Type of elements and instruction set

2 SSE or AVX instructions are processing arithmetic or math operations on single precision FP elements in scalar mode (one at a time).

Matching between your loop (in the source code) and the binary loop

The binary loop is composed of 1 FP arithmetical operations:

1: multiply

The binary loop is loading 8 bytes (2 single precision FP elements). The binary loop is storing 12 bytes (3 single precision FP elements).

Arithmetic intensity

Arithmetic intensity is 0.05 FP operations per loaded or stored byte.

General properties

nb instructions	29
nb uops	29
loop length	116
used x86 registers	6
used mmx registers	0
used xmm registers	6
used ymm registers	0
used zmm registers	0
nb stack references	1

Front-end

ASSUMED MACRO FUSION FIT IN UOP CACHE

micro-operation queue	3.63 cycles
front end	3.63 cycles

Back-end

	P0	P1	P2	P3	P4	P5	P6	P7	P8	P9	P10	P11	P12	P13	P14	P15
uops	2.50	2.50	2.50	2.50	2.50	2.50	0.75	0.75	0.75	0.75	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	0.50	0.50
cycles	2.50	2.50	2.50	2.50	2.50	2.50	0.75	0.75	0.75	0.75	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	0.50	0.50

Execution ports to units layout:

P0: ALU
P1: ALU
P2: ALU
P3: ALU, BRU
P4: ALU, BRU
P5: ALU, BRU
P6 (512 bits): store address, load
P7 (512 bits): store address, load
P8 (512 bits): store address, load
P9 (512 bits): store address, load
P10 (512 bits): VPU, DIV/SQRT
P11 (512 bits): VPU, DIV/SQRT
P12 (512 bits): VPU
P13 (512 bits): VPU
P14 (512 bits): FP store data
P15 (512 bits): FP store data

Cycles executing div or sqrt instructions	NA
Longest recurrence chain latency (RecMII)	1.00

Cycles summary

Front-end	3.63
Dispatch	2.50
Data deps.	1.00
Overall L1	3.63

Vectorization ratios

INT

all	0%
load	0%
store	0%
mul	NA (no mul vectorizable/vectorized instructions)
add-sub	NA (no add-sub vectorizable/vectorized instructions)
fma	NA (no fma vectorizable/vectorized instructions)
other	0%

all	25%
load	NA (no load vectorizable/vectorized instructions)
store	0%
mul	0%
add-sub	NA (no add-sub vectorizable/vectorized instructions)
fma	NA (no fma vectorizable/vectorized instructions)
div/sqrt	NA (no div/sqrt vectorizable/vectorized instructions)
other	50%

INT+FP

all	7%
load	0%
store	0%
mul	0%
add-sub	NA (no add-sub vectorizable/vectorized instructions)
fma	NA (no fma vectorizable/vectorized instructions)
div/sqrt	NA (no div/sqrt vectorizable/vectorized instructions)
other	10%

Vector efficiency ratios

INT

all	11%
load	12%
store	12%
mul	NA (no mul vectorizable/vectorized instructions)
add-sub	NA (no add-sub vectorizable/vectorized instructions)
fma	NA (no fma vectorizable/vectorized instructions)
other	11%

all	10%
load	NA (no load vectorizable/vectorized instructions)
store	6%
mul	6%
add-sub	NA (no add-sub vectorizable/vectorized instructions)
fma	NA (no fma vectorizable/vectorized instructions)
div/sqrt	NA (no div/sqrt vectorizable/vectorized instructions)
other	15%

INT+FP

all	11%
load	12%
store	9%
mul	6%
add-sub	NA (no add-sub vectorizable/vectorized instructions)
fma	NA (no fma vectorizable/vectorized instructions)
div/sqrt	NA (no div/sqrt vectorizable/vectorized instructions)
other	12%

Cycles and memory resources usage

Assuming all data fit into the L1 cache, each iteration of the binary loop takes 3.63 cycles. At this rate:

0% of peak load performance is reached (2.21 out of 256.00 bytes loaded per cycle (GB/s @ 1GHz))
2% of peak store performance is reached (3.31 out of 128.00 bytes stored per cycle (GB/s @ 1GHz))

Front-end bottlenecks

ASM code

In the binary file, the address of the loop is: 4019a8

Instruction	Nb FU	P0	P1	P2	P3	P4	P5	P6	P7	P8	P9	P10	P11	P12	P13	P14	P15	Latency	Recip. throughput	Vectorization
MOV -0x13c0(%RBP,%RAX,8),%RDI	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0	0	0	0	0	0	3	0.25	scal (12.5%)
LEA 0x1(%RAX),%RCX	1	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.17	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0.17	N/A
ADD $0x4,%RBX	1	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.17	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0.17	N/A
MOV %RCX,-0x40(%RBP)	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0	0	0	0	0	0	4	0.50	scal (12.5%)
MOV %RDI,%RAX	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.13	N/A
SHR $0xb,%RAX	1	0	0	0	0.33	0.33	0.33	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0.33	N/A
MOV %EAX,%EAX	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.13	N/A
XOR %RDI,%RAX	1	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.17	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0.17	N/A
MOV %RAX,%RDI	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.13	scal (12.5%)
SAL $0x7,%RDI	1	0	0	0	0.33	0.33	0.33	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0.33	scal (12.5%)
AND $-0x62d3a980,%EDI	1	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.17	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0.17	scal (6.3%)
XOR %RAX,%RDI	1	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.17	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0.17	scal (12.5%)
MOV %RDI,%RAX	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.13	N/A
SAL $0xf,%RAX	1	0	0	0	0.33	0.33	0.33	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0.33	N/A
AND $-0x103a0000,%EAX	1	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.17	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0.17	N/A
XOR %RDI,%RAX	1	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.17	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0.17	N/A
MOV %RAX,%RDI	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.13	scal (12.5%)
SHR $0x12,%RDI	1	0	0	0	0.33	0.33	0.33	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0.33	scal (12.5%)
XOR %RDI,%RAX	1	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.17	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0.17	N/A
VCVTUSI2SS %RAX,%XMM1,%XMM0	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.50	0.50	0	0	3-9	1	scal (12.5%)
VMULSS %XMM2,%XMM0,%XMM0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.50	0.50	0	0	0	0	3	0.50	scal (6.3%)
VCMPSS $0x2,%XMM0,%XMM3,%XMM4	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.50	0.50	0	0	2	0.50	scal (6.3%)
VBLENDVPS %XMM4,%XMM5,%XMM0,%XMM0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.50	0.50	0	0	0	0	2	0.50	vect (25.0%)
VMOVSS %XMM0,-0x4(%RBX)	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0	0	0	0	0.50	0.50	1	0.50	scal (6.3%)
CMP %R12,%RBX	1	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.17	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0.17	scal (12.5%)
JE 4019e5 <main+0x6e5>	1	0	0	0	0.33	0.33	0.33	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.33-0.50	N/A
MOV %RCX,%RAX	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.13	N/A
CMP $0x26f,%RCX	1	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.17	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0.17	N/A
JBE 401940 <main+0x640>	1	0	0	0	0.33	0.33	0.33	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.33-0.50	N/A

Report Configuration

Unrolling/vectorization cost

Details

Workaround

Vectorization

Details

CALL instructions

Details

Complex instructions

Details

Slow data structures access

Details

Workaround

Conversion instructions

Details

Workaround

Type of elements and instruction set

Matching between your loop (in the source code) and the binary loop

Arithmetic intensity

General properties

Front-end

Back-end

Cycles summary

Vectorization ratios

Vector efficiency ratios

Cycles and memory resources usage

Code clean check

Workaround

Unrolling/vectorization cost

Details

Workaround

Vectorization

Details

Execution units bottlenecks

CALL instructions

Details

Complex instructions

Details

Conversion instructions

Details

Workaround

Type of elements and instruction set

Matching between your loop (in the source code) and the binary loop

Arithmetic intensity

General properties

Front-end

Back-end

Cycles summary

Vectorization ratios

Vector efficiency ratios

Cycles and memory resources usage

Front-end bottlenecks

ASM code

Code clean check

Workaround

Unrolling/vectorization cost

Details

Workaround

Vectorization

Details

Execution units bottlenecks

Complex instructions

Details

Slow data structures access

Details

Workaround

Conversion instructions

Details

Workaround

Type of elements and instruction set

Matching between your loop (in the source code) and the binary loop

Arithmetic intensity

General properties

Front-end

Back-end

Cycles summary

Vectorization ratios

Vector efficiency ratios

Cycles and memory resources usage

Front-end bottlenecks